Two nights are recommended to allow the traveller to spend time visiting the Himbas and doing activities in the area.

Epupa is not a town, and there are no facilities:
* NO petrol station
* NO shops
NOTE: Travellers should be advised to leave for Epupa Falls with a full tank, at least two spare tyres and plenty of water.

Itinerary
Travellers should be advised to spend time at Epupa to allow them to relax before or after the difficult Kaokoland segment of the journey. The itinerary and departures should leave plenty of time for slow progress on very rugged and rudimentary roads.

Preparation for driving further into Kaokoland
A 4X4 is strongly recommended. Travellers should be advised to leave with a full tank, at least two spare tyres and plenty of water. Read the guidelines for driving in the desert. Travellers must be able to change a tyre without assistance. At least two spare tyres should be on the vehicle and must be in good condition. Travellers should refuel at Ruacana, Opuwo and / or Sesfontein. If possible, jerry cans should be carried, and the vehicle should have enough fuel on board for 900 - 1,000 km.

Driving
Due to the extreme terrain and general isolation of the area, travellers should stay on the main routes and should not be tempted to explore. Any exploration off the main routes should be done with an experienced local activity operator.

The Himbas
Although the Himbas are generally hospitable, due to cultural differences and language differences, it is advisable to visit the Himbas on an organised activity with an activity operator who understands and respects their customs and heritage.
NOTE: The following should be remembered at all times:
* Do not walk between the sacred fire and the headman’s hut and the / or the kraal under any circumstances. Ask for guidance if unsure.
* Ask permission before entering the homestead.
* Ask permission before taking photos.
* Do not wash hands or face or even utensils with clean water, as clean water is regarded as a precious resource, best used for cooking, drinking and for animals.

Malaria
Epupa falls in the the malaria area. Travellers should read the Malaria precautions and guidelines

Swimming
Travellers should be cautioned against swimming in pools as there may be crocodiles present.

Water
As this stretch involves driving through the very arid areas, travellers should carry ample water. Please read the guidlines for driving in the desert.

Tyres
Vehicles should have at least two spare tyres.

* The Epupa Falls
* The Himbas
* Kaokoland
* Excellent birdwatching
* White water rafting
* Game viewing on the river and in surrounding areas

The immediate area around the falls and along the Kunene River is lush, with reed banks and tall trees, of which the most common are the ana tree, the baobab tree, the makalani palm and the mopane tree. The area surrounding the falls is very arid with sparse trees and grasslands.

Animals of note along the river include
* the hippo
* clawless otters
* common water turtles and
* the crocodile

Animals of note in the surrounding area include
* black faced impalas
* kudus and
* zebras

Epupa Falls offers two different environments, the river and the arid areas, that attract different types of birds. This makes for a rich birdwatching environment. Approximately 240 species have been sighted. Specials include the rufous tailed palm thrush and the Cinderella waxbill.

Partial Epupa birdlist:

African Fish Eagle
Barecheeked Babbler
Black Crake
Blackfaced Babbler
Bluecheeked Bee-eater
Giant kingfisher
Goliath Heron
Hartlaub’s Babbler
Kalahari Robin
Malachite Kingfisher
Monteiro’s Hornbill
Rosy faced lovebirds
Rüppell’s Parrot
Stark’s Lark
Whitebellied Sunbird
Whitetailed Shrike 

Rufous tailed palm thrush (only place found in Namibia)

Bradfield’s Hornbill (uncommon)
Carp’s Black Tit (uncommon)
Cinderella Waxbill (rare)
Herero Chat (uncommon)
Rockrunner (rare)
Violet Woodhoopoe (uncommon)

The Himbas are an offshoot of the Herero people. Many Himbas still live in the traditional manner as nomadic herders. They are well known for the use of a mixture of ochre and butter which is applied to the skin as protection from the sun. They are also known for intricate traditional jewellery and hairstyles.

Note: It is recommended that clients make use of guided Himba visits, rather than try to visit a village on their own. Not all villages welcome tourists and even if they do, the language barrier makes it very difficult to communicate and can lead to misunderstandings and an upleasant experience for both the client and the Himbas.

Epupa has the oldest rocks in Namibia. The Metamorphic Complex is between 2,100 million and 1,750 million years old, and dates back to the time when two continental plates collided. The geology of the project area consists largely of relatively old Precambrian quartz and granite rocks.

Kaokoland is a true wilderness and is notable for its vast views, huge landscapes, valleys and mountains. Most of Kaokoland can only be visited with camping operators. Under no circumstances should self-drives attempt to visit the area, unless on an activity with an experienced local operator.

* Epupa Falls can be reached in a 2X4 sedan, but a 4X4 vehicle is strongly recommended.
* The vehicle must be in good condition, stocked with water and should preferably have two spare tyres.

* Opuwo
* Ruacana
* Kamanjab
* Sesfontein
* Palmwag Concession

Opuwo
Opuwo to Epupa Falls is approx. 197 km
* From Opuwo drive north on the C43 to Epupa Falls (approx. 197 km)
The entire route is on gravel road.
A 4X4 is recommended for the road from Opuwo to Epupa.

Ruacana
Ruacana to Epupa Falls is approx. 360 km
* From Ruacana head east on the C46 to the C35 turn off (approx. 22 km)
* Turn right into the C35 and continue to the C41 turn off (approx. 85 km)
* Turn right into the C41 and drive to Opuwo (approx. 56 km)
* From Opuwo drive north on the C43 to Epupa Falls (approx. 197 km)
The C46 and the C35 are tarred. A 4X4 is recommended for the road from Opuwo to Epupa.
Note: There is a road along the Kunene River from Ruacana to Epupa, this road is NOT serviced and thus in an extremely bad condition and requires approximitly 2 days driving and an extremely experienced 4x4 driver.

Kamanjab
Kamanjab to Epupa Falls is approx. 440 km
* From Kamanjab drive north on the C35 to the C41 turn off (approx. 187 km)
* Turn left into the C41 and drive to Opuwo (approx. 56 km)
* From Opuwo head northwards on the C43 to Epupa Falls (approx. 197 km)
The C35 is tarred.
A 4X4 is recommended for the road from Opuwo to Epupa.

Sesfontein
Sesfontein to Epupa Falls is approx. 320 km
* From Sesfontein drive north on the C43 to Opuwo (approx. 123 km)
* From Opuwo head northwards on the C43 to Epupa Falls (approx. 197 km)
The entire route is gravel road.
A 4X4 is recommended for the road from Opuwo to Epupa.

Palmwag Concession
Palmwag Concession to Epupa Falls is approx. 421 km
* From Palmwag Concession drive north on the C42 to Sesfontein (approx. 101 km)
* From Sesfontein drive north on the C43 to Opuwo (approx. 123 km)
* From Opuwo head northwards on the C43 to Epupa Falls (approx. 197 km)
The entire route is gravel road.
A 4X4 is recommended for the road from Opuwo to Epupa.
Small detour attractions: Warmquelle and Ongongo

Epupa Falls Airstrip (FYEF)
South: 17 degrees 01’ 45”
East: 13 degrees 12’ 36"
Elevation: 2,500feet
Length: 850 meter
Width:  25 meter
Surface: sand
Direction: 07/25
Cautions/Warning:

• River can look like part of rwy 07 - don't land on river.

• Caution animals, people and cars on runway.

• Runway and run up pads in poor condition (Nov. 08)

Kunene River Lodge
Approx. 151 km east of Epupa
8 deluxe rooms, 4 A-frame bungalows & 12 campsites, on the bank of the Kunene River. Offers visit to Himba Village, birdwatching boat trips and white-water rafting.

Opuwo Country Hotel
Approx. 197 km south of Epupa
28 luxury, 12 standard rooms and a campsite located on a hill with 360 degree view 1 km from Opuwo. Offers guided Himba excusrions and convoy 4x4 self drive excursions into the Uukwaluudhi Conservancy.

The Epupa Falls, in the midst of the Kunene River on Namibia's border with Angola, provide a cooling oasis in the rugged, arid environment of Kaokoland. Travellers can look for hippos and crocodiles along the river. In the arid areas around the falls, travellers can expect to see black faced impalas, kudu and zebra. With approximately 240 species, that include the specials, the rufous tailed palm thrush and the Cinderella waxbill, Epupa is an excellent destination for birdwatchers. And, for the more adventurous, there is the opportunity to go white water rafting.

The word 'Epupa' means the spray from a waterfall in the Himba language.

In winter (May to September) the nights may be cold but midday may be warm to hot. In summer the temperature may rise to over 40 C.

The characteristic looks of the Himba people, an offshoot of the Herero people, are widely known and admired. These tall, graceful semi-nomadic herders regularly feature in fashion shoots, documentaries on vanishing Africa and make the front covers of tourism brochures.

The characteristic ‘look’ of the Himba comes from intricate hairstyles, traditional clothing, the use of personal adornments in the form of jewellery, as well as the use of a mixture of red ochre, butter and resin from the Omuzumba shrub. This paste is known as ‘otjize’ used as protection against the weather and a skin lotion. It is rubbed on the skin, into hair and onto traditional clothing.

But the Himba are a people in transition and travellers are more likely to pass them without a second glance as today they are likely to wear western garb. Although traditional life in the homestead or ‘kraal’ continues, use of traditional garb is declining, and is more often practiced for cultural encounters or in the inaccessible areas of Kaokoland where towns and settlements with western influences are few and far between.

The western way of life offers many benefits to the Himba, aside from clothing. For instance, canvas and other western building materials are used in the construction of huts, making them more able to withstand the elements. Western medicine is now used alongside traditional medicines. Most Himba children now attend schools. Radio brings news, music and entertainment from further afield. Kin lotion is added to otjize. And faced with a life of hardship, particularly in times of drought and hunger, many young Himba men choose to work in towns and villages.

But development also brings challenges, threats and controversy. Although many of the Himba elders insist on tradition, modern garb and lifestyles causes conflict in communities. A proposed ‘megadam’ in Namibia’s Kunene region would bring much needed hydroelectric power and water security to Namibia, but would submerge a large part of the Himba’s traditional range as well as ancestral graves.

Yet traditions endure, and women and children particularly, are expected to adhere to customs in their communities.

Aside from their traditional appearance, the second phenomenon with which the Himbas are associated is the sacred fire, the ‘okuruwo’. The sacred fire represents the ancestors of the Himbas, and is kept burning 24 hours a day. The Himba believe in a god who created everything, but this god is very remote, and communication with this god only takes place through the spirits of male ancestors. The male leader, the headman, of the Himba clan sits by the fire during the day and talks to the ancestors about problems facing the family.

While he sits by the okuruwo, he ensures that it carries on burning. At night, his wife takes an ember from the fire inside the hut. In the morning this ember will be used to rekindle the sacred fire.

Although it may be little more than a smouldering log the fire is sacred, and the entire area in which the fire burns must be treated with extreme respect. Strangers are not allowed to pass between the sacred fire and the headman’s hut, nor may they pass between the cattle kraal at the centre of the village and the sacred fire. If need be, guests must walk around the back of the hut.

The headman’s hut is the only hut in the homestead which has an opening facing the fire. All other huts and openings face away from the fire.

The homestead, called the ‘onganda’, is surrounded by a circular fence constructed from large branches, normally from the Mopani tree. In many homesteads there is only one opening. The headman’s hut is located furthest from the opening with the sacred fire in front of it. At the centre of the homestead, there is a second circular fence of branches, a kraal for the cattle and goats.

The huts for the rest of the clan are built towards the edges of the homestead with their doors facing away from the sacred fire. Himba huts are circular and constructed of branches and dried mud, though modern material such as canvas and zinc plate may be used to provide additional protection from the weather.

Storage areas are constructed in trees, where small animals cannot get at them. Small plots for growing maize are placed away from the village and are also surrounded by fences made of sticks.

The Himba day starts early. Women arise before or at dawn and apply otjize. Before the cattle are herded to the grazing areas, they are milked by the women, often on one side only leaving the other side free for the calves. Each homestead has two fires, a small one inside the hut for warmth and a larger one outside, for cooking.

Once the cattle are milked, the men herd cattle to the grazing area. If the grazing is poor, the entire village will move to a place where there is better grazing. Young men often set up separate, temporary villages and move around with the cattle, leaving the women, children and older men at the main homestead.

Women spend the day close to the homestead. They occupy themselves with cooking, gardening, milking cattle, looking after children, caring for livestock in the kraal and making clothes, jewellery and the traditional ochre and butter paste, otjize. Flour is made from maize and butter is churned. Wood has to be collected, and water has to be carried from wells. The children help with the tasks.

The diet of the Himba consists mainly of a porridge made from maize and milk. Milk left over after making the porridge is used to make butter which is churned in gourds. Although meat is a part of the Himba diet, beef is consumed sparingly as cattle represent the wealth of a clan. Meat from small stock such as goats is more likely to be found in the Himba meal.

When cattle are slaughtered, it is usually done at a ceremony. Married men eat meat which is kept apart for them.

The Himba homestead is a family unit, overseen by the headman who is normally a grandfather and the oldest male in the village. Most social systems either follow the lineage of the father (the patrilineal aspect, the ‘oruzo’) or the mother (the matrilineal aspect, the ‘eanda’). The Himba social system uses both and a Himba person belongs to the oruzo and the eanda.

The headman is responsible for residence, religious aspects of life embodied by the sacred fire and ensuring that the rules of tradition and the specific rules of the clan are obeyed. The matrilineal aspect is responsible for movable property and economic matters such as handling of money and property.

The Himba headman’s authority is identified by an erenge bracelet. He oversees births, marriages and coming of age ceremonies. He performs the various ceremonies at the sacred fire, involving the spirits of the ancestors in the daily life of the village. He is also responsible for the rules of the tribe. If a crime is committed or a property dispute arises, he will be called to give judgement. If his judgement is not accepted, a number of heamen will meet to discuss the matter.

Marriages are arranged with a view to spreading wealth. Once married, the women leave their villages and move to the villages of their husbands where they adopt the rules of the new clan. Himba men are not monogamous and may have a number of wives and children in different homesteads. Women are not monogamous either and may have a number of partners. However courtship and relationships are bound by strict rules and modes of behaviour.

When a woman is ready to give birth, she will be accompanied by a group of women outside the homestead. They will assist her during her labour. Immediately after the child is born, the women return to the homestead. The mother and child then spend a week at a special shelter built to the side of the headman’s hut, near the sacred fire, under special protection of the ancestral spirits.

After the week has passed, the child is brought to the sacred fire and introduced to the spirits of the ancestors by the headman. The child is given names from the patrilineal and matrilineal lines, ensuring that the origins of the child are known.

The child remains with its mother until the age of three, after which it lives with its siblings. Although Himba children are very independent, they are cared for by all the members of the family in the homestead.

Between the ages of 10 and 12, the bottom four incisor teeth of the child are knocked out in a ceremony that is believed to protect the child from dangerous influences and ensure the protection of the ancestors. Young males are circumcised and have a coming of age rituals. Young girls also have a coming of age ceremony.

Many of the children receive western education from mobile schools that travel around the homesteads, however some of the children board at formal schools. These schools are a problem as many of the young men who attend these schools don’t return permanently to their homesteads, but instead seek work in towns. This leaves many of the homesteads with a population of women, children, young boys and old men.

When a Himba dies, the body is wrapped and bound in the skin of cattle and placed next to the sacred fire. The first period of mourning lasts 24 hours or more, during which time cattle are slaughtered. The person is buried far from the village, and the horns of the slaughtered cattle are placed on the grave. In the case of a man, the horns are placed upright, but when a woman is buried, the horns point downwards. The greater the number of horns on the grave, the greater the wealth and status of the individual.

In the case of a headman, the main hut is dismantled and parts of it are burned. The sacred fire is scattered, to be rekindled later from a new mopani branches. The headman is bound wrapped in the skin of his favourite ox and buried facing the rising sun in the east. His walking stick is broken in two and placed on the grave along with his sandals and the horn that he used for calling cattle. The elder is believed to enter the afterlife accompanied by the cattle that are slaughtered during the mourning period.

After the person is buried, the clan returns to the homestead and a second period of mourning begins, lasting about a month. More cattle are slaughtered and their horns will be added to those already on the grave. The ancestors are contacted by burning the root of the Omuhe shrub, and a purification ritual takes place.

Cattle owned by deceased males will often be inherited by the family of the deceased male’s sister, normally the male son. In the case of the death of a woman, the homestead will be inherited by a brother, or if the woman has no surviving brother, by the eldest child of a sister. In this way cattle rights and property rights are continuously redistributed through families.